ChiefGlove

Felicitas

2005-04-04T07:51:00.000-07:00

Roman goddess of good luck to whom a temple was first built in the mid-2nd century BC. She became the special protector of successful commanders. Caesar planned to erect another temple to her, and it was built by the triumvir M. Aemilius Lepidus. The emperors made her prominent as symbolizing the blessings of the imperial regime.

Turin

2005-04-03T15:43:00.000-07:00

Italian Torino, Latin Augusta Taurinorum, city, capital of Torino provincia and of Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, on the Po River, near its junction with the Sangone, the Dora Riparia, and the Stura di Lanzo. The original settlement of Taurisia, founded by the Taurini, was partly destroyed by the Carthaginian invader Hannibal in 218 BC. It later became a Roman military colony, known successively as

Piazzi, Giuseppe

2005-04-03T14:13:00.000-07:00

Piazzi became a Theatine monk in about 1764 and a professor of theology in Rome in 1779, and in 1780 he was appointed professor of higher mathematics at the Academy of Palermo. Later, with the aid of the viceroy of Sicily,

Sailing

2005-04-02T19:23:00.000-08:00

The sport or pastime of cruising or racing in a sailboat or, more generally, in any large craft propelled by either sail or motor. See yacht.

Obelisk

2005-04-02T11:20:00.000-08:00

Tapered monolithic pillar, originally erected in pairs at the entrances of ancient Egyptian temples. The Egyptian obelisk was carved from a single piece of stone, usually red granite from the quarries at Aswan. It was designed to be wider at its square or rectangular base than at its pyramidal top, which was often covered with an alloy of gold and silver called electrum.

Saint Clair, Lake

2005-04-02T00:16:00.000-08:00

Lake in west-central Tasmania, Australia, lying at the southern boundary of Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park at the terminus of a 53-mile [85-kilometre] walking track from the mountain. It has an area of 11 square miles (28 square km), measures 9 miles by 1 mile (14.5 by 1.6 km), and lies at an elevation of 2,417 feet (737 m) on Tasmania's Central Plateau. It fills a valley once deepened by a glacier and

Geography, Aerial photography and remote sensing

2005-03-31T18:29:00.000-08:00

During the 20th century immense strides have been made in observing features on the Earth's surface, first by the development of aerial photography and later by satellite imagery. Aerial photography was first used extensively during World War I for reconnaissance. A new profession of photographic interpretation evolved in which the identification of both natural

Lutetium

2005-03-31T08:27:00.000-08:00

(Lu), chemical element, rare-earth metal of transition Group IIIb of the periodic table; the hardest and densest rare-earth element, last member of the lanthanide series. Lutetium was discovered (1907–08) by Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain, working independently. Urbain derived the name for the element from Lutetia, which was the ancient Roman name for Paris. The name

Cosimo Ii

2005-03-31T00:12:00.000-08:00

Cosimo II succeeded his father, Ferdinand I, in 1609; and, guided by his mother, Christine of Lorraine, and by Belisario Vinta, he followed his father's example and sought to establish a balance between France and Spain. He used his

Susak, Gojko

2005-03-28T23:23:00.000-08:00

Croatian government official who was instrumental in the attainment and preservation of Croatia's independence and from 1991 served as the country's defense minister (b. April 16, 1945, Siroki Brijeg, western Herzegovina, Yugoslavia--d. May 3/4, 1998, Zagreb, Croatia).

Middle West

2005-03-28T19:53:00.000-08:00

Also called Midwest, or North Central States, region, northern and central United States, lying midway between the Appalachian and Rocky mountains and north of the Ohio River and the 37th parallel. The Middle West, as defined by the federal government, comprises the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Actually composed of

Ancient Rome, The reign of Valentinian and Valens

2005-03-28T10:01:00.000-08:00

Once again the general staff unanimously chose a Pannonian officer—Valentinian, an energetic patriot and, like Jovian, a moderate Christian—but he had to yield to the rivalry of the armies by dividing authority. Taking the West for himself, Valentinian entrusted the East to his brother Valens, an inexperienced man whom he raised to the rank of Augustus. For the first

Dadra And Nagar Haveli

2005-03-27T01:39:00.000-08:00

Dadra and Nagar Haveli came under

Radioactive Series

2005-03-27T00:00:00.000-08:00

Any of four independent sets of unstable heavy atomic nuclei that decay through a sequence of alpha and beta decays until a stable nucleus is achieved. These four chains of consecutive parent and daughter nuclei (shown in the figure) begin and end among elements with atomic numbers higher than 81, which is the atomic weight of thallium; the members of each set are genetically

Abydos

2005-03-26T00:20:00.000-08:00

Ancient Anatolian town located just northeast of the modern Turkish town of Çanakkale on the east side of the Dardanelles (Hellespont). Probably originally a Thracian town, it was colonized about 670 BC by the Milesians. There Xerxes crossed the strait on his bridge of boats to invade Greece in 480 BC. Abydos is celebrated for its vigorous resistance to Philip V of Macedon (200 BC) and

Vriesea

2005-03-25T18:38:00.000-08:00

The stiff, sword-shaped, fleshy green leaves grow in a rosette and often are mottled or banded with brown. The pink,

Pack, Otto Von

2005-03-25T11:21:00.000-08:00

Pack, a Saxon nobleman, studied law at the University of Leipzig, after which he entered the service of George, duke of Saxony. By 1519 most important governmental matters in Saxony were entrusted to him, and he represented his

Harbours And Sea Works

2005-03-25T06:16:00.000-08:00

The construction of harbours and sea works offers some of the most unusual problems and challenges in civil engineering. The continuous and immediate

Woman Suffrage

2005-03-22T20:19:00.000-08:00

Women were excluded from voting in ancient Greece and Republican Rome, as well as in the few democracies that had emerged in Europe by the end of the 18th century. When the franchise was widened, as it was in the United Kingdom in 1832, women continued to be denied all voting rights. The question of women's voting

Aschelminth

2005-03-22T20:08:00.000-08:00

Phylum name Aschelminthes, or Nemathelminthes, phylum of wormlike invertebrates, mostly of microscopic size. The phylum includes five diverse classes: Nematoda (or Nemata), Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha (or Echinodera), and Nematomorpha. The American zoologist Libbie H. Hyman, in her classic textbooks on the invertebrates, originally included Priapulida as a class of the aschelminths, but Priapulida are

Cabbage

2005-03-22T07:09:00.000-08:00

Vegetable and fodder plant the various forms of which are said to have been developed by long cultivation from the wild, or sea, cabbage (Brassica oleracea) found near the seacoast in various parts of England and continental Europe. The common horticultural forms of Brassica oleracea may be classified according to the plant parts used for food and the structure

Community Ecology, Climatic effects

2005-03-21T08:24:00.000-08:00

The maximum development of greenhouse conditions occurred in the Cretaceous and was probably associated with an increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (see geochronology: Cretaceous environment: Paleoclimate). There were no polar ice caps during this time, and land within both the Arctic and Antarctic circles was able to support

Durgapur

2005-03-20T23:50:00.000-08:00

City, southern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just north of the Damodar River. Connected by road and rail with Calcutta (Kolkata), Burdwan, and Asansol, Durgapur is one of India's chief steel-producing centres. The main steel plant went into operation in 1962, and the population grew dramatically. Other major industries include a coal washery, an alloy and special steel

Guadiana River

2005-03-20T14:51:00.000-08:00

Arabic Wadi Ana, Portuguese Rio Guadiana, Spanish Río Guadiana, one of the longest streams of the Iberian Peninsula, flowing generally westward through south-central Spain and southeastern Portugal to the Gulf of Cádiz in the Atlantic Ocean. The river has a drainage area of 23,455 square miles (60,748 square km), a length of 483 miles (778 km), and about 30 major tributaries. Its flow is relatively meagre—only about half that of the Tagus or the Douro—because

Arica

2005-03-19T22:40:00.000-08:00

Capital of Arica province, Tarapacá region, Chile. The city lies along the Pacific coast, at the foot of El Morro (a precipitous headland), and is fringed on its southern edge by sand dunes of the rainless Atacama Desert. Arica is situated near the Peruvian border and is the northernmost Chilean seaport. Founded as San Marcos de Arica in 1570 on the site of a pre-Columbian settlement,

Orangeburg

2005-03-19T00:00:00.000-08:00

Talisman

2005-03-18T17:56:00.000-08:00

Object bearing a sign or engraved character and thought to act as a charm to avert evil and bring good fortune. See amulet.

Cranston

2005-03-18T03:37:00.000-08:00

City, Providence county, central Rhode Island, U.S. It lies on the western shore of Narragansett Bay and adjoins Providence city. The first settlement was made on the Pawtuxet River in 1638 by William Arnold, an ancestor of Benedict Arnold and a compatriot of Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island colony. Separated from Providence in 1754, it became a town and was named for Samuel

David Ii

2005-03-17T03:47:00.000-08:00

On July 17, 1328, in accordance with the Anglo-Scottish peace treaty of Northampton,

Indian Philosophy, Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras

2005-03-16T09:29:00.000-08:00

Along with Badari and Jaimini, Badarayana, a contemporary of Jaimini, was the other major interpreter of Vedic thought. Just as the Mimamsa-sutra traditions of Badari's tradition were revived by Prabhakara, a 7th–8th-century scholar, and Jaimini's defended by Sabara and Kumarila, a 7th–8th-century scholar, Baharayana's sutras laid the basis for the development of Vedanta philosophy. The relation

Nitti, Frank

2005-03-16T05:47:00.000-08:00

Starting as a barber, Nitti became a fence for stolen goods and about 1920 joined Capone's gang. He was sent to prison for 18 months after pleading guilty in 1930 to income-tax evasion, but thereafter he nominally

France, History Of, France in the later Middle Ages, 11801490

2005-03-16T05:30:00.000-08:00

Georges Duby and Robert Mandrou, A History of French Civilization (1964; originally published in French, 1958), provides a good survey, stressing social history. Appropriate volumes from the older source, Ernest Lavisse (ed.), Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'à la révolution, 9 vol. (1900–11), remain useful for this period. Territorial evolution is explored in Léon Mirot, Manuel de géographie historique de la France, 2nd ed., rev. by Albert Mirot, 2 vol. (1947–50, reprinted in 1 vol., 1979). Léopold Genicot, Le XIIIe Siècle européen, 2nd rev. ed. (1984), is a scholarly general review. Accounts of the 14th century are offered in Édouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War (1951, reissued 1965; originally published in French, 1945); and Peter S. Lewis, Later Medieval France (1968). Jacques Heers, L'Occident aux XIVe et XVe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux, 4th ed. (1973), offers a broader chronological perspective. Individual reigns are studied in John W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages (1986); William Chester Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership (1979); and Joseph Reese Strayer, The Administration of Normandy Under Saint Louis (1932, reprinted 1971). André Artonne, Le Mouvement de 1314 et les chartes provinciales de 1315 (1912), deals with an important constitutional crisis. Joseph R. Strayer and Charles H. Taylor, Studies in Early French Taxation (1939, reprinted 1972), examines taxation and consultation under the later Capetians; later royal finance is studied in Maurice Rey, Le Domaine du roi et les finances extraordinaires sous Charles VI, 1388–1413 (1965), and Les Finances royales sous Charles VI: les causes du déficit, 1388–1413 (1965). For economy and society, see Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (1968, reprinted 1976; originally published in French, 1962); and Guy Fourquin, Les Campagnes de la région parisienne à la fin du Moyen Âge: du milieu du XIIIe au début du XVIe siècle (1964). Social unrest is discussed in Michel Mollat and Philippe Wolff, The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages (1973; originally published in French, 1970). Charles Petit-Dutaillis, The French Communes in the Middle Ages (1978; originally published in French, 1947), remains the standard account on the cities and towns. The legal system is explored in Bernard Guenée, Tribunaux et gens de justice dans le bailliage de Senlis à la fin du Moyen Âge (1963).

Arabian Sea

2005-03-15T02:39:00.000-08:00

Northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, covering a total area of about 1,491,000 square miles (3,862,000 square kilometres) and forming part of the principal sea route between Europe and India. It is bounded to the west by the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, to the north by Iran and Pakistan, to the east by India, and to the south by the remainder of the Indian Ocean. To the north the Gulf

Eleusinian Mysteries

2005-03-14T09:16:00.000-08:00

Most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece. According to the myth told in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the earth goddess Demeter (q.v.) went to Eleusis in search of her daughter Kore (Persephone), who had been abducted by Hades (Pluto), god of the underworld. Befriended by the royal family of Eleusis, she agreed to rear the queen's son. She was, however, prevented

Tapestry, 16th century

2005-03-14T06:09:00.000-08:00

Two new trends became apparent in the 16th century. The first, brought about by war and persecution in Flanders, resulted in the widespread diffusion of the Flemish art of tapestry weaving. Many Flemish artisans in the 16th century were forced to become refugees. Some grouped together to live the life of travelling craftsmen, while others attempted to reestablish their

Economic Affairs, United States.

2005-03-14T02:11:00.000-08:00

The report of the Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations became available in January 1995. Though the commission made a number of recommendations, the report was widely viewed as a disappointing document that failed to address a number of problems affecting American labour-management relations. Admittedly, any radical proposals would have

Philadelphia Centennial Exposition

2005-03-13T18:47:00.000-08:00

Ten years in the planning, the Centennial Exposition cost more than $11 million and covered more than 450 acres (180 hectares) of Philadelphia's Fairmount Park. President Ulysses S. Grant opened the exposition on May 10, 1876, and

Polgar, Zsuzsa

2005-03-13T10:10:00.000-08:00

At four years of age,

Saxhorn

2005-03-13T06:59:00.000-08:00

Any of a family of brass wind instruments patented by the Belgian instrument-maker Antoine-Joseph Sax, known as Adolphe Sax, in Paris in 1845. Saxhorns, one of many 19th-century developments from the valved bugle, provided military bands with a homogeneous series of valved brass in place of the miscellany of valved instruments that had come into use since 1825 (such as flügelhorns,

Ashkenazi

2005-03-12T15:15:00.000-08:00

(from Hebrew Ashkenaz, “Germany”), plural Ashkenazim, any of the Jews who lived in the Rhineland valley and in neighbouring France before their migration eastward to Slavic lands (e.g., Poland, Lithuania, Russia) after the Crusades (11th–13th century). After the 17th-century persecutions in eastern Europe, large numbers of these Jews resettled in western Europe, where they assimilated,

Civil Constitution Of The Clergy

2005-03-11T13:50:00.000-08:00

There was a need to create a new administrative and financial framework for the French Church after the Revolutionary governing body, the National

Páez, José Antonio

2005-03-11T13:46:00.000-08:00

Páez was a part-Indian llanero, one of the horsemen of the plains. Beginning as a ranch hand, he quickly

Irish Sweepstakes

2005-03-10T14:04:00.000-08:00

In full Irish Hospitals' Sweepstakes one of the largest lotteries promoted internationally; it was authorized by the Irish government in 1930 to benefit Irish hospitals. A private trust was formed to run the lottery and market tickets throughout the world. During the 57 years of its existence, the contest derived more revenue from the United States than from any other country, although all the tickets were

Smith, Hannah Whitall

2005-03-10T11:35:00.000-08:00

Hannah Whitall grew up in a strict Quaker home and had from childhood a deep concern with religion and a habit of introspection. In 1851 she married Robert P. Smith, also a Quaker, and in 1865 they moved to Millville,

Ujung-kulon National Park

2005-03-09T22:46:00.000-08:00

English Point Kulon National Park

Encomienda

2005-03-09T13:33:00.000-08:00

In colonial Spanish America, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the Indian population in its American colonies. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista (“Reconquest”) of Muslim Spain. Although the original intent of the encomienda was to reduce the abuses of forced labour

Blondin

2005-03-08T18:54:00.000-08:00

When he was five years old he was sent to the École de Gymnase at Lyon, and after six months' training as an acrobat he made his first public appearance as “the Little

Ghaziabad

2005-03-08T06:04:00.000-08:00

Formerly Ghaziuddinnagar, town, administrative headquarters of Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. Founded in 1740, it is located on the Grand Trunk Road 12 mi (19 km) east of New Delhi. Modern Ghaziabad is a rapidly developing industrial town. Many workers commute daily to New Delhi, where goods produced in Ghaziabad are also marketed. Manufacturing and processing industries include vegetable

Encyclical

2005-03-07T03:04:00.000-08:00

Pastoral letter written by the pope for the whole Roman Catholic church on matters of doctrine, morals, or discipline. Although formal papal letters for the entire church were issued from the earliest days of the church, the first commonly called an encyclical was Ubi primum, dealing with episcopal duties, published by Benedict XIV in 1740. Only from the time of Pius IX

Omar Khayyam

2005-03-07T02:59:00.000-08:00

Arabic in full Ghiyath al-Din Abu al-Fath 'Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet, renowned in his own country and time for his scientific achievements but chiefly known to English-speaking readers through the translation of a collection of his roba'iyat (“quatrains”) in The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (1859), by the English writer Edward

Cordillera

2005-03-06T03:35:00.000-08:00

(from old Spanish cordilla, “cord,” or “little rope”), a system of mountain ranges that often consist of a number of more or less parallel chains. Cordilleras are an extensive feature in the Americas and Eurasia. In North America the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevadas, and the mountains between them are collectively known as the Cordilleras, and the entire area has been termed

Ear Disease, Ototoxic drugs

2005-03-05T21:37:00.000-08:00

Ototoxic (harmful to the ear) drugs can cause temporary and sometimes permanent impairment of auditory nerve function. Salicylates such as aspirin in large enough doses may cause ringing in the ears and then a temporary decrease in hearing that ceases when the person stops taking the drug. Quinine can have a similar effect but with a permanent impairment of auditory

Priesthood

2005-03-04T15:27:00.000-08:00

The Vedic, Brahmanic, and Upanishadic conceptions of priesthood and the predominance of the Brahman caste in Hinduism are discussed in Arthur Berriedale Keith, The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, 2 vol. (1925, reprinted 1989); S. Radhakrishnan, The Hindu View of Life (1927, reissued 1980), and Eastern Religions and Western Thought, 2nd ed. (1940, reissued 1991); J.H. Hutton, Caste in India, 2nd ed. (1951); and R.C. Zaehner, Hinduism (1962, reissued 1977), with a full bibliography. C.J. Fuller, Servants of the Goddess: The Priests of a South Indian Temple (1984), analyzes the complex interrelationships between the priests of the Minaksi Temple in Madurai and the economic, political, and social structure of contemporary India. V. Bouillier and G. Toffin (eds.), Priesthood, Power, and Authority in the Himalayas (1989), in English and French, is a collection of ethnographic papers concerning the role of the priesthood in Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and two tribal religions, the Tharu of Dang and the cult of Kham Magar. The sublimation of priesthood in Buddhism in India, China, and Japan is treated in Paul Dahlke, Buddhism and Its Place in the Mental Life of Mankind (1927); and Edward Conze, Buddhism: Its Essence and Development (1951, reissued 1975). D. Howard Smith, Chinese Religions (1968), introduces religious thought and sacerdotal practice in China. Religious Studies in Japan (1959), a collection of papers from the ninth International Congress for the History of Religions, is a very informative composite volume in English by a group of Japanese scholars. Texts concerning the Zen sect include Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Manual of Zen Buddhism, 2nd ed. (1950, reissued 1983); and Alan Watts, The Way of Zen (1957, reprinted 1989); while reference is made to it in R.C. Zaehner, Mysticism, Sacred and Profane (1957, reissued 1980). The priesthood in Shinto is discussed in D.C. Holtom, The National Faith of Japan (1938, reissued 1965).

Agung

2005-03-04T11:19:00.000-08:00

In the early years of Sultan Agung's reign, he consolidated the sultanate by subduing the autonomous trade-based coastal states of Padang and Tuban in 1619; Banjermasin, Kalimantan, and Sukadana in 1622; Madura in 1624; and Surabaya in 1625. Because the country's economy

Mahayana

2005-03-04T05:28:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: Greater Vehicle), one of the two major Buddhist traditions and the form most widely adhered to in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet. Mahayana Buddhism emerged in about the 1st century AD from the ancient Buddhist schools as a more liberal and innovative interpretation of the Buddha's teachings. Mahayanists distinguished themselves from the more orthodox conservative

Durante, Jimmy

2005-03-03T18:21:00.000-08:00

As a boy, Durante wanted to become a saloon pianist. His father, a barber, bought him a piano and provided intermittent lessons. Although Durante left school in seventh grade for a miscellany of jobs, he kept up his piano

Radha Soami Satsang

2005-03-02T17:02:00.000-08:00

Also called Radhasvami Satsang, esoteric religious sect of India that has followers among both Hindus and Sikhs. The sect was founded in 1861 by Siva Dayal Saheb (also called Sivdayal), a Hindu banker of Agra, who believed that human beings could perfect their highest capabilities only through repetition of the sabd (“sound”), or nam (“name”), of the Lord. Radha soami signifies the union of the soul with God, the name of God,

Hook, Theodore Edward

2005-03-02T10:51:00.000-08:00

The son of a popular songwriter, Hook, while a schoolboy at Harrow, had written the words for his father's comic operas and, by the age of 16, had become well

Interior Design, China

2005-03-02T00:53:00.000-08:00

Possessing the oldest Eastern civilization, China has powerfully influenced the others. Forms and motifs of decoration, which began as early as the Shang dynasty (18th to 12th century BC), or even before in the legendary Hsia dynasty, persist throughout Chinese history. Early forms of bronze altar vessels, for example, are found in porcelain in the 18th and 19th centuries, slightly

Automobile Racing

2005-03-01T23:39:00.000-08:00

The stunning success of Nigel Mansell, 1992 Formula One champion, in his first year in U.S. IndyCar competition highlighted a year in which virtuosity and tragedy shared centre stage. The 40-year-old Englishman, driving a Lola-Ford Cosworth for Newman-Haas Racing, edged 1993 Indianapolis 500 winner Emerson Fittipaldi for the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) championship. Mansell

Gender Identity

2005-03-01T20:59:00.000-08:00

An individual's self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological sex. For most persons, gender identity and biological characteristics are the same. There are, however, circumstances in which an individual experiences little or no connection between sex and gender; in transsexualism, for example, biological sexual characteristics

Koch, Kenneth Jay

2005-02-28T20:36:00.000-08:00

American poet, writer, and teacher (b. Feb. 27, 1925, Cincinnati, Ohio—d. July 6, 2002, New York, N.Y.), was known for verse that combined modernism with lyricism and that conveyed a sense of enthusiasm and fun. The subject matter was wide in range and included ordinary objects and references to popular culture. At the same time, Koch's poetry could be learned and technically sophisticated, reflecting

Paschasius Radbertus, Saint

2005-02-28T15:40:00.000-08:00

Abandoned as an infant, Paschasius was raised by the monks of St. Peter's, Soissons. Later, he joined the Benedictine abbey of Corbie, near Amiens, under St. Adalhard

Tyrosinemia

2005-02-27T16:18:00.000-08:00

Also called Tyrosinosis, inherited inability of the body to metabolize normally the amino acid tyrosine. In the normal metabolic pathway of tyrosine, para-(p-)hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is converted to homogentisic acid (in the liver) by a specific organic catalyst or enzyme, called p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase. This enzyme is not active in individuals with tyrosinemia. Clinical

Strange Particle

2005-02-27T03:42:00.000-08:00

Subatomic particle, either a meson or baryon, that contains a strange quark (q.v.).

Fusaro, Lake Of

2005-02-26T07:11:00.000-08:00

Italian Lago Del Fusaro, coastal lagoon in Napoli provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy, west of Naples. The lagoon is separated from the sea on the west by sand dunes. As the ancient Palus Acherusia (“Acherusian Swamp”), it may have been the harbour of nearby Cumae in antiquity. In the first century AD, an outlet was dug at its southern end, with a tunnel under the hill of Torre Gaveta; another outlet

Christian Brother

2005-02-26T05:51:00.000-08:00

The Institute of the Brothers of Christian Schools (F.S.C.) was founded by St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle at Reims, France, in 1684 for the education of boys, especially of poor families; the congregation is now established on all continents. Besides teaching in elementary,

Lai

2005-02-25T08:59:00.000-08:00

Medieval poetic and musical form, cultivated especially among the trouvères, or poet-musicians, of northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries but also among their slightly earlier, Provençal-language counterparts, the troubadours, and, called Leich, by the German minnesingers. The lai was a long poem having nonuniform stanzas of about 6 to 16 or more lines of 4 to 8 syllables.

Kierkegaard, Søren

2005-02-24T22:19:00.000-08:00

In full SØren Aabye Kierkegaard Danish religious philosopher and critic of rationalism, regarded as the founder of existentialist philosophy. He is famous for his critique of systematic rational philosophy, particularly Hegelianism, on the grounds that actual life cannot be contained within an abstract conceptual system. With this stance, he intended to

Balakirev, Mily

2005-02-24T18:47:00.000-08:00

Balakirev received his early musical education from his mother. He also studied with Alexander Dubuque and with Karl Eisrich, music director to A.D. Ulibishev,

Literature

2005-02-24T18:20:00.000-08:00

By all accounts, 2001 was an eventful year for Persian literature, both in revisiting the achievements of the previous century from fresh perspectives and in providing glimpses into new literary experiments. Two important international conferences examined the literature of the 20th century, one by focusing on M.T. Bahar (1880–1951) and the other by surveying the entire literary

Ideology

2005-02-23T05:48:00.000-08:00

French Idéologie, French philosophic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that reduced epistemological problems (concerning the nature or grounds of knowledge) to those of psychology (as in the work of Étienne Condillac), before advancing to ethical and political problems. The Idéologues, by analysis of ideas, viewed the simple sensory elements of Condillac's sensationalism

Joy Division/new Order

2005-02-22T11:43:00.000-08:00

British rock group who, as Joy Division, refined the external chaos of 1970s punk into a disquieting inner turmoil, ushering in the postpunk era. They later, as New Order, pioneered the successful fusion of rock and 1980s African-American dance music styles. The principal members were Ian Curtis (b. July 15, 1956, Macclesfield, Cheshire, Eng.—d. May 18, 1980, Macclesfield), Bernard Albrecht (later Bernard

Carlsbad Caverns National Park

2005-02-22T06:32:00.000-08:00

Area of the Chihuahuan Desert in southeastern New Mexico, U.S., near the base of the Guadalupe Mountains (a segment of the Sacramento Mountains). It was established in 1923 as a national monument, designated a national park in 1930, and proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. Beneath the park, which has a surface area of 73 square miles (189 square km), are 83 individual caves, including Carlsbad

Haardt Mountains

2005-02-22T01:51:00.000-08:00

Also called Hardt Mountains, mountain range in Rheinland-Pfalz Land (state), southwestern Germany. They comprise the eastern part of the Pfälzer Forest Mountains and lie west of the Rhine River basin, extending from the French border to a point about 20 miles (30 km) south of Mainz. Their densely forested slopes rise to 2,208 feet (673 m) in Mount Kalmit. Geologically the Haardt Mountains are a continuation of the

Biblical Literature, Canaanite culture and religion

2005-02-21T23:16:00.000-08:00

The Israelite tribes during the period of the guidance and leadership of Moses and Joshua mainly had to contend with nomadic tribes; in their contacts with such groups, they absorbed some of the attitudes and motifs of the nomadic way of life, such as independence, a love of freedom to move about, and fear of or disdain for the way of life of settled, agricultural, and urban

Guyot, Arnold Henry

2005-02-21T22:44:00.000-08:00

He studied at the College of Neuchâtel and in Germany, taught at Paris

Bone Cyst

2005-02-21T04:14:00.000-08:00

Circumscribed, benign (noncancerous) lesion, usually saclike and filled with fluid. Unicameral bone cyst affects the long bones or heel bones in children and adolescents and is frequently detected as a result of a pathological fracture. Treatment is by excision and bone graft, but spontaneous healing is common. Aneurysmal bone cyst, usually occurring in young males,

World War I, Serbia and the Salonika expedition, 191517

2005-02-20T11:08:00.000-08:00

Austria's three attempted invasions of Serbia in 1914 had been brusquely repulsed by Serbian counterattacks. By the summer of 1915 the Central Powers were doubly concerned to close the account with Serbia, both for reasons of prestige and for the sake of establishing secure rail communications with Turkey across the Balkans. In August, Germany sent reinforcements to Austria's

Bolivia, Ethnic and linguistic groups

2005-02-19T17:13:00.000-08:00

The population of Bolivia consists of three groups—Indians (the indigenous peoples), mestizos (of mixed Indian and European descent), and whites of European (mainly Spanish) descent. After centuries of intermixing, it is difficult to determine the proportion of each, but it is estimated that Indians form nearly three-fifths of the total, mestizos nearly one-third, and

Kagu

2005-02-19T13:57:00.000-08:00

(Rhynochetus jubatus), nearly extinct and virtually flightless bird of New Caledonia, sole member of the family Rhynochetidae (order Gruiformes). About 55 cm (22 inches) long, it is a chunky bird with loose, gray plumage, including an erectile crest. The bill, legs, and eyes are reddish orange. In courtship the kagu dances with wings spread to show attractive

Foyle, Lough

2005-02-19T07:12:00.000-08:00

Irish Loch Feabhail inlet on the north coast of Ireland between the Inishowen Peninsula (mainly County Donegal, Ireland) to the west and the district councils of Limavady and Londonderry (until 1973 in County Londonderry), Northern Ireland, to the east and southeast. The lough is about 16 miles (26 km) long and varies in breadth from 1 to 10 miles (1.6 to 16 km). The narrowest points are at the southwestern end, where

Irish Literature

2005-02-18T01:22:00.000-08:00

Either of two literatures, one in the native language (Irish, or Gaelic) of Ireland and the other in the language of the English conquerors; the latter is often called Anglo-Irish literature. For a discussion of the former, see Celtic literature. The history of Anglo-Irish literature is inextricably intertwined with that of English literature (q.v.).

Andrássy, Gyula, Count (gróf)

2005-02-17T19:52:00.000-08:00

German in full Julius, Graf (Count) Andrássy von Csikszentkirály und Krasznahorka Hungarian prime minister and Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1871–79), who helped create the Austro-Hungarian dualist form of government. As a firm supporter of Germany, he created, with the imperial German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Austro-German

Daniels, Charles

2005-02-17T08:30:00.000-08:00

At the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, Daniels was America's star swimmer, winning gold medals in the 220-yard and 440-yard freestyle and the 4 ´ 50-yard freestyle relay, a silver in the

Meletius Of Lycopolis

2005-02-17T05:10:00.000-08:00

For presuming to ordain clergy and bishops for Christian

Trail

2005-02-16T07:17:00.000-08:00

The modern city's economy rests on the mining and smelting of metals (especially silver, zinc, and lead) and on the production of chemicals and fertilizers,

Gioberti, Vincenzo

2005-02-14T22:05:00.000-08:00

Gioberti was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1825 and soon became famous as a professor of theology at the University of Turin, though his ideas began to take on appearances of unorthodoxy.

Quagga

2005-02-14T18:32:00.000-08:00

Also called bonte quagga , or Burchell's zebra African species of zebra (q.v.).

Cancer, Syndromes resulting from inherited defects in DNA repair mechanisms

2005-02-14T18:25:00.000-08:00

Another group of hereditary cancers comprises those that stem from inherited defects in DNA repair mechanisms. Examples include Bloom syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, Fanconi anemia, and xeroderma pigmentosum. These syndromes are characterized by hypersensitivity to agents that damage DNA (e.g., chemicals and radiation). The failure of a cell to repair the defects

Jube

2005-02-14T15:30:00.000-08:00

(from the French jubé), construction marking off the chancel, or sanctuary, of a church from the rest of the interior. Its mature medieval form consisted of three basic elements: a screen (known in England as a rood screen); a gallery, or loft, from which the words Jube, Domine, benedicere (hence jubé) were spoken; and a crucifix (rood) surmounting the whole. See rood screen.

Faraday

2005-02-13T14:10:00.000-08:00

Unit of electricity, used in the study of electrochemical reactions and equal to the amount of electric charge that liberates one gram equivalent of any ion from an electrolytic solution. It was named in honour of the 19th-century English scientist Michael Faraday and equals 9.6485309 ´ 104 coulombs, or 6.0221367 ´ 1023 electrons (see also Avogadro's law).

Romania

2005-02-13T07:47:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Rumania , Romanian România country lying in the eastern half of the Balkan Peninsula. It is the largest country of the peninsula, having an area of 91,699 square miles (237,500 square kilometres). Its boundaries total 1,959 miles (3,153 kilometres), with Ukraine on the north, Moldova on the northeast, the Black Sea on the east, Bulgaria on the south, Serbia on the southwest, and Hungary on the west. The capital is Bucharest

Animal Learning

2005-02-13T05:50:00.000-08:00

That animals can learn seems to go without saying. The cat that runs to its food dish when it hears the sound of the cupboard opening; the rat that solves a maze in the laboratory; the bird that acquires the song of its species—these

Ray, Jean

2005-02-10T17:31:00.000-08:00

De Kremer worked as a city employee, from 1910 to 1919, before working as a journalist (1919–40). He began to publish fiction in 1925, with the short-story collection, Les Contes du whisky (1925; “Whisky's

Wuppertal

2005-02-10T09:05:00.000-08:00

City, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. The city extends for 10 miles (16 km) along the steep banks of the Wupper River, a right-bank tributary of the Rhine, northeast of Düsseldorf. Formed as Barmen-Elberfeld in 1929 through the amalgamation of the towns of Barmen, Elberfeld, Beyenburg, Cronenberg, Ronsdorf, and Vohwinkel, the name was changed to Wuppertal

Skelton Glacier

2005-02-10T03:47:00.000-08:00

Antarctic glacier situated on the Hillary Coast of Victoria Land, to the northeast of the Cook Mountains, near McMurdo Sound. It flows sluggishly southward into the Ross Ice Shelf. The greatest known thickness of ice along its 39-mi (62-km) length occurs at a point about 30 mi from the tip of its floating terminus. There the ice is about 4,760 ft (1,450 m) thick. The east side of the glacier is covered

Buenos Aires, Museums and libraries

2005-02-10T02:54:00.000-08:00

The city's museums—several of which are run by the municipal government—house varied collections. The Bernardino Rivadavia Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences has an exceptionally rich fossil collection and operates a scientific institute. The National Museum of Fine Arts contains collections of world masters and of Argentine painters and sculptors, while

Skelton Glacier

2005-02-09T22:52:00.000-08:00

Also called ringtail any of two to seven species (depending on the authority) of small, nocturnal carnivores constituting the genus Procyon (family Procyonidae) and characterized by bushy, ringed tails. The typical North American raccoon, or “coon” (Procyon lotor; see photograph), is a stout animal with short legs, pointed muzzle, and small, erect ears. It is 75 to 90 cm (30 to 36 inches) long, including

Stafford, William

2005-02-09T14:08:00.000-08:00

Stafford attended the University of Kansas (B.A., 1937; M.A., 1945) and the State University of Iowa, where he received a doctorate in 1955. A conscientious objector, he participated

ChiefGlove

Felicitas

Turin

Piazzi, Giuseppe

Sailing

Obelisk

Saint Clair, Lake

Geography, Aerial photography and remote sensing

Lutetium

Cosimo Ii

Susak, Gojko

Middle West

Ancient Rome, The reign of Valentinian and Valens

Dadra And Nagar Haveli

Radioactive Series

Abydos

Vriesea

Pack, Otto Von

Harbours And Sea Works

Woman Suffrage

Aschelminth

Cabbage

Community Ecology, Climatic effects

Durgapur

Guadiana River

Arica

Orangeburg

Talisman

Cranston

David Ii

Indian Philosophy, Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras

Nitti, Frank

France, History Of, France in the later Middle Ages, 11801490

Arabian Sea

Eleusinian Mysteries

Tapestry, 16th century

Economic Affairs, United States.

Philadelphia Centennial Exposition

Polgar, Zsuzsa

Saxhorn

Ashkenazi

Civil Constitution Of The Clergy

Páez, José Antonio

Irish Sweepstakes

Smith, Hannah Whitall

Ujung-kulon National Park

Encomienda

Blondin

Ghaziabad

Encyclical

Omar Khayyam

Cordillera

Ear Disease, Ototoxic drugs

Priesthood

Agung

Mahayana

Durante, Jimmy

Radha Soami Satsang

Hook, Theodore Edward

Interior Design, China

Automobile Racing

Gender Identity

Koch, Kenneth Jay

Paschasius Radbertus, Saint

Tyrosinemia

Strange Particle

Fusaro, Lake Of

Christian Brother

Lai

Kierkegaard, Søren

Balakirev, Mily

Literature

Ideology

Joy Division/new Order

Carlsbad Caverns National Park

Haardt Mountains

Biblical Literature, Canaanite culture and religion

Guyot, Arnold Henry

Bone Cyst

World War I, Serbia and the Salonika expedition, 191517

Indian Philosophy, Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras

France, History Of, France in the later Middle Ages, 11801490

World War I, Serbia and the Salonika expedition, 191517